• Members of the previous forum can retrieve their temporary password here, (login and check your PM).

Eleusinian Mysteries ~ What was the Kykeon?

Migrated topic.
Hofmann on ergonovine

I studied "The Road to Eleusis" by R. Gordon Wasson and Albert Hofmann last night and rediscovered some parts which are very relevant to my previous post:

The effective dose of lysergic acid amide is 1to 2mg by oral application. I decided therefore to test in a self-experiment a corresponding dose of ergonovine:

1 April 1976

12.20h: 2.0mg ergonovine hydrogenmaleinate, containing 1.5mg ergonovine base, ingested in a glass of water.
13.00h: slight nausea, same effect as I have experienced always in my lsd or psilocybin experiments. Tired, need to lie down. With eyes closed colored figures.
13.30h: the trees in the nearby forest seem to live, their branches moving in a threatening way.
14.30h: strong desire to dream, unable to do systematic work, with eyes closed or open afflicted by mollusk-like forms and feelings.
16.00h: motives and colors have become clearer, but bearing still some hidden dangers.
17.00h: after a short sleep I awoke by a kind of inner explosion of all the senses.
18.00h: an unexpected visit forced me to become active, but during the whole evening I lived more in an inner than in the outer world.
22.00h: all effects worn off, normal feeling.

This, together with the experiences reported by Bigwood and Ott (link included in my previous post) shows unmistakable entheogenic effects.

So, what was proposed about the species/methods by Hofmann?

What suitable kinds of ergot were accessible to the ancient Greeks? No rye grew there, but wheat and barley did and Claviceps purpurea flourishes on both. We analyzed ergot of wheat and ergot of barley in our laboratory and they were found to contain basically the same alkaloids as ergot of rye, viz. alkaloids of the ergotamine and ergotoxine group, ergonovine, and sometimes also traces of lysergic acid amide. As I said before, ergonovine and lysergic acid amide, both psychoactive, are soluble in water whereas the other alkaloids are not. As we all know, ergot differs in its chemical constituents according to its host grass and according to geography. We have no way to tell what the chemistry was of the ergot of barley or wheat raised on the Rarian plain in the 2nd millennium b.c. But it is certainly not pulling a long bow to assume that the barley grown there was host to an ergot containing, perhaps among others, the soluble hallucinogenic alkaloids.

This was before the data on solid medium growth was discovered.

So, perhaps it was just as easy as Hernandez paper states. Claviceps purpurea was grown on solid medium (wheat) create almost only ergonovine, and lots of it. Then, it's just a simple extraction with cold water and we have made the Kykeon. It's not only the easiest method, it's also the most plausible explanation I've seen so far.
 
" it's also the most plausible explanation I've seen so far. "

The most plausible i have seen is Psilocybe mushrooms . They do the job and are found in masses with next to no work or effort . All one has to do is dry them and put them in a sack . Then they keep for years . On one sensible field one could pick enough for thousands of doses in a few hours .

Water for the tea and mint to disguise the taste = to keep the secret .

Is there any evidence that the greeks new how to cultivate mushrooms ? Sterile techniques ? Special labs where they could analyse things and find their ingredients ? That they could tell the difference between Claviceps purpurea and Claviceps paspali ? < ---- remembering the european history of ergotism and the paranoia about it .

Did anyone try drinking mint oil ? Wich is maybe carcinogen ? Would anyone drink enough to get a theoretical psychoactive effect ? Would thousands of people drink it ?


Why is it so hard to acept the obvious ? Why do we insist on complicating things with speculation about the findings of modern chemistry that the greeks didnt have acsess to ?
 
The book on Eleusis by Károly Kerényi is a must-read for anyone interested in the subject of the kykeoon. In it are some pictures of artistical depictions of the kiste. I remember it displaying the motives of ears of barley and some flowers. No mushrooms.

When I last read the book, I wasn't aware yet of syrian rue. Next time I look into the book I will have to check if the flowers might relate to rue.

Heat and alkali catalysed hydrolysis of peptides followed by cold water extraction is not something demanding a high-tech laboratory. We should not underestimate the knowledge of the cultures of old.

The problem with mediaeval ergotism was that the ergot heads were ground and baked into the bread, so that all of their toxic constituents were also consumed.
 
GOD said:
The most plausible i have seen is Psilocybe mushrooms . They do the job and are found in masses with next to no work or effort
Psilocybe mushrooms is one of the claims that is most easily excluded by looking at the ancient texts and criteria the drug need to fulfill. Psilocybe mushrooms are not plentiful in Greece, especially not at the time of the Elusian rites (a date set in beforehand), where large populations would ingest the drug. If you want to read all the arguments regarding this, I refer to "Mixing the Kykeon" p.5-6,(there's a link in my previous post).

Is there any evidence that the greeks new how to cultivate mushrooms ? Sterile techniques ? Special labs where they could analyse things and find their ingredients ?
Well, no labs are required to grow mushrooms, and the substrate could be sterilized in clay pots warmed in a fire place. Observe that the fermentation took 10 days in the paper I quoted, this could outperform many types of molds attacking moist wheat. And once you get a culture going, grain to grain transfers could probably speed it up even more.

That they could tell the difference between Claviceps purpurea and Claviceps paspali
The difference between these species sclerotia are obvious and can be distinguished with your naked eyes... Also, they prefer different host species.

Why is it so hard to acept the obvious ? Why do we insist on complicating things with speculation about the findings of modern chemistry that the greeks didnt have acsess to ?
Ergonovine from solid state growth of Claviceps purpurea requires no special equipment or chemicals, it's the least complicated process I have seen so far. That's why I'm exalted about this. We could make this in our kitchens.

It could have been discovered by a coincidence, it's not necessary to involve modern science or studying journal articles to get the results... A combination of moist wheat with sclerotia (growing from the wheat) colonizing it in a pot, someone eats it even though it's "moldy" and ends up tripping balls. :)
 
" Psilocybe mushrooms are not plentiful in Greece "

Where does that information come from ? They grow from at least as far north as north scotland and southwards down to the pyrenes in abundance . Greece also has areas that fit in that zone . Why would Psilocybe mushrooms grow in the other areas but not in greece ?

By abundance i mean from personal experience a normal day without even looking comeing home with 50 G dry semilanceata . On a normal day looking with no effort 100 - 200 G dry alone . The best day i ever had was 4 kilos dry in one day . With P.Cyanescens a bad day for me was 50 G dry . A normal day was 200 - 500 G dry in not more than 3 hours . When i did it fo money we were picking 500 G a day each = 1.5 kilos dry weight . Everyday . In the middle of the city . People dont realise the quantitys that are growing and one can pick if one trys .

@ Trade

There was trade across what was later called the silk road to china before the mysterys . There was sea trade between the middle east and india 30000 years ago .

= NO poblem getting enough Psilocybe mushrooms to dose all the visitors .


The only argument brought against it is the claim that Kykeon took ten days to brew ? How reliable is that information ? Exactly where does it come from ? Is it direct information or hearsay ?

If it is true ...... What would happen if we soaked dry semilanceata in water for ten days and then dunk the water ?


What about the argument that Paspali is rare ? = Someone comes up with the idea that they cultivated it ?????

@ Research ...... I read the road to eleusis when it came out + lots of other things on the subject . I grew and picked mushooms profesionaly in the unUK , holland , germany and france from 1974 - 1998 .
 
GOD said:
Where does that information come from ? They grow from at least as far north as north scotland and southwards down to the pyrenes in abundance . Greece also has areas that fit in that zone . Why would Psilocybe mushrooms grow in the other areas but not in greece ?
Of course Greece has mushrooms, mostly in the north and mountainous regions. Psilocybes are however not that common. Especially not in the summer months.
Look at the temperatures and rain for Athens, just south of Eleusis
Now, with our experience of mushroom hunting, I think you see the problem matching the optimal mushroom season with the Eleusian cermonies in September...

By abundance i mean from personal experience a normal day without even looking comeing home with 50 G dry semilanceata . On a normal day looking with no effort 100 - 200 G dry alone . The best day i ever had was 4 kilos dry in one day . With P.Cyanescens a bad day for me was 50 G dry . A normal day was 200 - 500 G dry in not more than 3 hours . When i did it fo money we were picking 500 G a day each = 1.5 kilos dry weight . Everyday . In the middle of the city . People dont realise the quantitys that are growing and one can pick if one trys .
I have picked P. semilanceata for >10 years and I consider 100g-200g (2000-6000 mushrooms) is extremely rare to find per day, even in the peak seasons and the perfect habitats. I'm not suggesting you exaggerate your harvests, I know it's possible to find this much, but honestly, it's only reported a few times every year in the international report threads at different forums. Most experienced hunters don't even find half of that in a complete season. In any way, it cannot be directly transfered to Greece, where reports of this species is rare, and it's one of the very few active species, some of them are probably even less common, like P. bohemica (=P. serbica) which isn't even considered common in the countries with most occurrences...

There was trade across what was later called the silk road to china before the mysterys . There was sea trade between the middle east and india 30000 years ago .

= NO poblem getting enough Psilocybe mushrooms to dose all the visitors .
I would gladly accept this if there was any good archaeological evidence of psilocybin use in Asia or Europe around this time... From what we know, kykeon's active ingredient was a hidden knowledge, and this kind of trade would spread the secrets among the outsiders.

The only argument brought against it is the claim that Kykeon took ten days to brew ? How reliable is that information ? Exactly where does it come from ? Is it direct information or hearsay ?
Huh? I made no such claims. The Hernandez paper tells us the fermentation of the Claviceps went on for 10 days in his scientific setup, and I use this to argue that sterility and absolute cleanness might not be of greatest importance, contaminants might not colonize the substrate to a great degree before it's ready.

What about the argument that Paspali is rare ? = Someone comes up with the idea that they cultivated it ?????
I don't think it's rare around the Mediterranean, but it's anyway not the species I proposed as the kykeon ingredient. Before I knew about this growing method of C. puprurea, yes - It has psychedelic alkaloids (LSA, LSH) from the beginning, we can gather and eat it right away... But now, after discovering C. purpurea as a good ergonovine source, in my opinion it seems even more well suited.



In this thread I also see mentions of the lack of reports about cold water extractions of ergot. There was actually one person who made a successful CWE of ergot and reported LSD-like effect, which was posted on entheogen.com (edot) back in 2006 (mentioned in the bluelight thread, also linked in #1 in this thread). I unfortunately can't find it anymore on the successor of edot. Anyway, I happened to be a member of that forum and this experience report sparked my interest for Kykeon and methods to use Claviceps as a a drug without using it to get lysergic acid for a LSD synthesis. So I started researching everything about ergot, collected sclerotia from the wild and finally had enough to try CWE bio assays. This didn't work very well because of too low doses, but I felt some slight psychoactive effects.

The point I want to make here is that there is a big fear of the toxic effects from ergot, like St. Anthony fire, limbs falling of, death etc. This effects occur when you eat ergot over longer times, like several weeks. It takes a quite large single dose to reach LD50, and like I stated earlier, the dangerous alkaloids are not soluble in water, which creates a very simple and safer method to use it than eating the scerotia (I highly advise against trying doing that)...

Perhaps it was a mistake of me to post the info about the solid substrate growing method this Kykeon thread, but since this is the LSD, LSA and LSH forums, I thought it would balance the debate about possible Phalaris, mushroom and harmala ingredients and bring it back on topic...

But it's more a interesting method to make your own lysergic brew, whether it ever was used in any way by the ancient Greeks or other people. Think about it. ;)
 
"When i did it fo money we were picking 500 G a day each = 1.5 kilos dry weight . Everyday . In the middle of the city . People dont realise the quantitys that are growing and one can pick if one trys ."

GOD, there is NO TALK OF BUYING OR SELLING ILLEGAL SUBSTANCES!!!!! at the DMT nexus. Please re-read the forum rules.
 
"I would gladly accept this if there was any good archaeological evidence of psilocybin use in Asia or Europe around this time... From what we know, kykeon's active ingredient was a hidden knowledge, and this kind of trade would spread the secrets among the outsiders."

There is a large body of evidence for use of psilocybin mushrooms in the vedic culture...and less solid evidence for they're use in Europe, though not as well established.

In regards to ergot being a secret though endemic to just the Greek mysteries, I personally do not think so. Do I think ergot was used as an entheogen in old world mysteries?..Yes I do. However, I think there is some pretty compelling evidence for ergot use right through the old world especially into Scandinavia.

It is, in my opinion, time to finally look beyond simply the Greek mysteries to a larger mystery cult that spanned all of Europe. The mysteries at Eleusis were just one incarnation of a much older tradition that was widespread. I am utterly convinced of this based on my studies of the Edda, which I am also convinced describes an entheogenic mystery tradition of initiation, with many elements shared with the mysteries at Eleusis...and that common thread spans all the way into the the east as well. Herodotus described hyperborean priestesses making they're way all the way into Greece just to do ceremonies to Artemis, carrying with them some kind of object wrapped in "wheaten straw" that was brought to many of the European tribes. I subscribe to the idea that the hyperboreans were simply Scandinavians, because it makes the most sense logically. What was inside the wheaten straw? No one knows. There is also some interesting speculations that the story of Beowulf is an allegorical story describing the fall of an ergot cult.

In reality, greek pharmacology was likely far more advanced than we assume. Trade routes right through europe into the east were extensive.

here are some relevant links from a well studied scholar that for me, are strong support for a larger, more ancient mystery tradition of innitiation..



 
I subscribe to the idea that the hyperboreans were simply Scandinavians, because it makes the most sense logically
As a historically interested scandinavian, I don't find it that logical... The location of Hyperborea is very vague and has been associated to a lot different places . Snorre's Edda is not considered to be a reputable historical source, but unfortunately we only have a handful of sources telling us about our old mythology and it's quite detailed. Great stories but weak evidence base. :roll:

European prehistorical cultures sharing a common drug is plausible, but until I see some better evidence, I tend to see it as just another mind tickling theory. Kykeon could be such a drug, but if it was a shared/common knowledge, it's weird it got lost.
 
Back
Top Bottom