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Why is it yellow?

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Titanium Teammate
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I've been searching for answers and sprinkled questions among different threads, gathering some theories. But I still haven't figured it out so I'm just going to start compiling my research here.
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To summarize, I'm getting little prisms with nice morphology, but the color is yellow. Ever since the first pull on the bark the solvents have been yellow whenever the spice is dissolved. I really thought I escaped the color when converting to DMT-benzoate, because that salt was very white. But a water re-x of the benzoate powder still grew salt crystals with a yellow tint. And after converting back to freebase, the crystals grown are nicer and more transparent than ever, but still yellow.

View attachment VID_0071.mp4
Included is a video example of one of the crystals. I was originally inspecting the geometry, but I also noticed that the color changes between yellow and colorless depending on what angle you're looking at the crystal. I posted this in a gemology community to ask them if this is pleochroism, and they seemed confident it was not. But it seems to fit the definition to me and no one explained their reasoning for why not.

Yet I have seen photos of DMT "diamonds" that seem unanimously colorless. So even if mine are pleochroic, that doesn't help me understand why mine are that way and others are completely colorless.

Ultimately, I'm trying to find a way to decolor it. Any suggestions?

Below is the process these have gone through so far.

I extracted at 60 celsius from MHRB, and got a yellow dusty waxy crude. Everything following was done at room temp.

I washed the solids with aqueous sodium carbonate solution a few times because I forgot to wash the naphtha pulls.

Then I dissolved the water-washed crude in a solution of HCl. I washed the aqueous dmt.hcl solution with naphtha a few times.

Freebased it again with NaOH solution and clouds of white precipitate settled into an orange oil above the salt water.

I pulled from the dmt oil / salt-water with hexane, and salted the DMT out of hexane with benzoic acid-saturated hexane, instantly crashing out insoluble DMT-benzoate. The hexane went back to pull more of the oil, where excess benzoic acid gets neutralized by excess NaOH.

After everything was pulled and converted to benzoate I vacuum filtered the solvent out the benzoate powder, and washed it with fresh hexane and naphtha a few times to pull off any stray freebase or benzoic acid residue.

Then I dissolved the benzoate salt in distilled water, and washed it with clean hexane and naphtha a few more times before freebasing it with NaOH again. I used hexane again to pull the freebase oil layer.

The combined hexane pulls were washed with dry ice, attempting to convert any NMT in solution to NMT-carbamate, which should have precipitated as a goo. No precipitation was observed, so I did not follow through decanting into another vessel. The solution sat for a day without precipitation. Then it was washed with aqueous NaOH solution once, clouding the hexane with presumably micro water drops. This sat for another day, and still had a minor haze.

The final solution flowed through 0.22 micron PTFE syringe filters, to block any micro water content, particles, spores, bacteria. The filtered hexane was crystal clear. In the crystal vessel, I hadn't even finished filtering the solvent before I could see sparkles smaller than dust forming.

Within 24 hours of just sitting there at room temp most of the growth had occurred, leaving 2mm sq flawless crystals. I got greedy and tried to slowly cool then freeze to grow them larger, and I think a few did grow, but most just got ruined by tiny growth nucleating off the gems.
Polymers?
I've targeted polymers during the acid phases of a couple mini A/B's. Both the saturated HCl and benzoic acid solutions were yellow though, and in the end hasn't removed any color. Non-polar solvent washes on the aqueous dmt salt solutions would turn the same yellow color. If allowed to rest for a day, the yellow color would fade, presumably back into the aqueous layer. I tried to separate the yellow with solvent washes but ran out of solvent before I could wash it out completely. It's inconclusive whether the solvent was pulling a yellow impurity or DMT itself.

NMT?
I targeted any potential NMT with a dry ice CO2 wash. I didn't see any goo precipitate though, nor did it affect the color of the solution. I may revisit this.

DMT-NO?
Apparently this is debunked, but N-Oxides are technically a potential culprit. I plan to try a zinc reduction just to see, but N-Oxide is supposedly water soluble, so it should have been well removed by now during the numerous washes and filtrations.

Polymorphs?
I did a melting point test and got 66-69 C. None of the other diamond growers have reported melting points; but in literature, other researchers reporting this melting point have reported colorless prisms. This seems to contradict some suggestions that there's a lower melting, colorless polymorph that slowly changes to the yellow, higher melting polymorph during storage or heating. Considering other people have gotten the higher melting polymorph without the color change. And I've seen pictures of yellow crystals that were not prismatic, but again no associated melting points reported. I'm not ruling out polymorphism but idk if there's enough data to conclude one way or another.
 
DMT is a cheeky monkey, a puzzle-box of a molecule, even in the lab!

Your observations, particularly of the apparent pleochroism, are fascinating. Are you sure the crystal was the same thickness in both directions of observation? One needs to eliminate all other possible explanations, such as an intensely-coloured microlayer resulting from the orientation of the crystal in the precipitating solution.
 
DMT is a cheeky monkey, a puzzle-box of a molecule, even in the lab!

Your observations, particularly of the apparent pleochroism, are fascinating. Are you sure the crystal was the same thickness in both directions of observation? One needs to eliminate all other possible explanations, such as an intensely-coloured microlayer resulting from the orientation of the crystal in the precipitating solution.
I suppose. But it's the same solvent @CaptainFuture and others have yielded colorless gems with; hexane.

It would be helpful to know what color his solvent was. My solvents always turn yellow when DMT is dissolved, is that normal? Or is colorless solvent a prerequisite for colorless crystals?

Are you sure the crystal was the same thickness in both directions of observation?
By definition a monoclinic crystal has three axis of unequal length. It's approximately the same thickness along the two shorter axis that I'm comparing. Once it's flat on a facet I think we can assume the top facet is in plane with the bottom one. But since the gem tapers there's not a uniform thickness from any point of observation.

If you're implying that the color is uniform and it's just the thickness that is making it darker, idk about that because from some angles the very tips where it's most thin appear most yellow. But then I rotate it or shift its weight onto a different facet and the color from the yellow tip vanishes, even though we'd be looking through the same thickness and section where it was.
 
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I thought of a big maybe that I'm hoping someone can cross off for me.

I just remembered before I switched to PTFE stir paddles, I was briefly using a hardware store paint mixer bit in a drill. It's carbon steel plated with what I believe is zinc chromate. Gives the metal an iridescent yellow finish.
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IIRC, I was using it to mix naphtha into aqueous dmt.hcl, defatting the solution. (During the third step of my previously quoted procedure) Worked a charm to turbine the solution and create a homogenous mixture. But after washing the bit I realized it was corroding. I briefly looked into what the coating could be and swapped out the mixer, but forgot about it until now.

How likely is chromate contaminating these crystals? Could I have separated it during conversion from hcl to freebase to benzoate to freebase?
 
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How likely is chromate contaminating these crystals?
Chromate won't have dissolved in the naphtha, and also reacts with organic hydroxy groups, so a sugar molecule, including starch and cellulose, would react with and use up any stray chromate if it even dissolved in the first place. Zinc chromate is practically insoluble in water as well.

Would the reduction products, chromium oxide or metal nanoparticles, from this route have a catalytic effect? Maybe - but at the likely levels, ambient dust would provide similar amounts of transition metal rich particles with potential catalytic action.

Time to start dreaming of that clean room lab ;)
 
Ugh, I would have been so disappointed yet even more relieved to finally have an answer to the yellow.

Zinc chromate is practically insoluble in water as well.
I noticed that on wikipedia. I assumed it must be non-polar soluble then, but I guess it is an ionic molecule.

Is the water solubility pH dependent? Could a foolishly high concentration of HCl liberate the chromate anion into solution? I briefly looked into the coating process and I think zinc is plated on a metal first, then it's dipped in an acid bath (HCl was suggested) solution with chromate.

What would happen after adding NaOH? What if I also used the mixer to homogenize hexane with the alkaline aqueous phase?
 
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noticed that on wikipedia. I assumed it must be non-polar soluble then, but I guess it is an ionic molecule.
Some things are just generally insoluble under normal conditions - we won't be trying to dissolve zinc chromate in a highly oxidising magma melt any time soon. Those conditions would ruin the rest of the extraction anyhow.
 
Chromophore?

Did a little reading that benzene and pyrrole are both chromophores, and indole of course.

Maybe certain polymorph crystal configurations change the way light interacts with the chromophore portion of DMT?

There are colorless examples with high 60s melting points though, and colorless gems that we don't know the melting points to. Falkenberg's 1972 paper found the lower and higher melting (z=4, z=8 respectively) forms were both monoclinic with nearly imperceptible differences between space groups. The lower melting was described as acicular, higher as prisms. That habit could be unrelated though, prisms might be able to form from both higher and lower mp polymorphs. Idk...

But polymorph chromophores wouldn't explain why oil is yellow, or sometimes colorless.

Thermophore?

Apparently some mineral crystals change color when heated; either temporarily, reversibly or permanently. Seems like heat and yellow often go hand-in-hand. Maybe something happens to the molecule when heated to tint it yellow?

And a question for you! Do you ever get tired of answering my questions? I am :( I don't think I'm smart enough to figure this out on my own, it's very defeating. Losing hope for an answer.
 
@Transform Would it harm anything to do an EDTA wash on the aqueous phase? I'm reading EDTA can bind to metal ions. I don't entirely understand your explanation about zinc chromate, but I trust you're right. Still, this seems like a simple thing I could try that might cross off metal ions.
 
@Transform Would it harm anything to do an EDTA wash on the aqueous phase? I'm reading EDTA can bind to metal ions. I don't entirely understand your explanation about zinc chromate, but I trust you're right. Still, this seems like a simple thing I could try that might cross off metal ions.
Well, you could give it a go - although EDTA is water soluble so describing it as a "wash" on the aqueous phase suggests that you may not have taken that into account. Separation will only occur when the DMT goes back into a non-polar phase. I'd suggest keeping the EDTA to a bare minimum in case it messes with the extraction, e.g. by acting as an emulisifier.

I still appreciate your line of thinking on this matter. Trace metals can show an unexpected influence on the outcome of reactions. Even gold atoms leaching from glassware have been found to interfere with the performance of spinel metal-oxide based photoelectric systems, for example.
 
EDTA is water soluble so describing it as a "wash" on the aqueous phase suggests that you may not have taken that into account.
True, there's probably a better verb for that. Although it sparks the question - could it work to wash the NPS with an aq. EDTA solution? Maybe it would be better with a solvent that allows some % of water content, but even with heptane for example could I just mix the layers thoroughly like when doing a sodium carbonate wash?

Could I combine those two steps into one wash? EDTA + sodium carbonate?
Edit: besides solubility, I read that EDTA's sequestering action is pH dependent, so it might not be effective to use EDTA in alkaline solutions.

I also want to revisit NMT carbamation. If trace NMT doesn't neatly precipitate on its own, how could I wash out NMT carbamate? I believe it's water soluble, but I'm confused if the pH needs to be acidic? Would base just break the carbamate? It would be nice if I could combine the CO2 step and Na2CO3 wash. But should I wash out the NMT carbamate with neutral or acidic water first (maybe EDTA solution?), accept some loss of dmt-carbonate, then neutralize residual carbonic acid with sodium carbonate wash?
 
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I found a great guide on EDTA chelation by DOW, I'll attach it in case anyone's interested. Talks about EDTA solubility and chelation stability of various metal ions. It seems to chelate most metals best around 9 pH, including Zinc. Aluminum and Iron ions would be a little more tricky because the best conditions for chelation are at pH 5.

And I'm starting to understand it's quite unlikely that metal ions would get into the non-polar phase. I can't think of how it would happen, can metal hydroxides hitch a ride with DMT somehow?



Ok, let's say the yellow color is from optical properties of a polymorph. Polymorphs are only relevant in the solid phase, right? Simply dissolving yellow-polymorph DMT in a solvent should undo the color in that case, resulting in a colorless solution. But that's not what happens, this yellow DMT turns the hexane yellow. Is it just rotating into the yellow position often enough to give off the polymorph spectra or wth?
 

Attachments

  • Chelation Chemistry - DOW.pdf
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I've read that cyclical hydrocarbons can act as ligands for metal ions. Can naphtha have cyclical hydrocarbons?

And what about the indole backbone on tryptamine? I read that metal ions can sigma bond with N, or pi bond with the aromatic rings.

Benzene: This neutral, aromatic hydrocarbon can also act as a ligand. Benzene most commonly coordinates in a hexahapto fashion, with all six carbon atoms involved in bonding. Bis(benzene)chromium is a stable 18-electron sandwich compound.
Bis%28benzene%29chromium-from-xtal-2006-3D-balls-A.png
 
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Haven't looked yet, but is that Tom in his shed? He's hilarious!
Of course it was!
Be sure to check out his other channel, which focusses on chemistry that doesn't (intentionally) explode:
 
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