Kratom Information Thread

[Anthimus]

Here's a compilation of information that I have gathered about this plant. The aim is to have this thread serve as a repository for all the available scientific data on Mitragyna speciosa, otherwise known as Kratom, and for additional information to be posted here for purposes of organization and easy accessibility for all persons interested in researching the literature on this plant.

Scientific Classification:

Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Magnoliophyta
Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Gentianales
Family: Rubiaceae
Genus: Mitragyna
Species: M. speciosa

Binomial name
Mitragyna speciosa
Korth.

Leaf Anatomy and Botanical Information:

Mitragyna speciosa, kratom trees, usually grow to a height of 12–30 ft (3.7–9.1 m) tall and 15 ft (4.6 m) wide, although under the right conditions, certain species can reach up to 40–100 ft (12–30 m) in height. The stem is erect and branching. The leaves of the kratom tree are a dark green colour and can grow to over 7 inches (180 mm) long and 4 inches (100 mm) wide., ovate-acuminate in shape, and opposite in growth pattern. - (Wikipedia)


Known alkaloids present in Mitragyna speciosa:

Ajmalicine (Raubasine): Cerebrocirculant, antiaggregant, anti-adrenergic (at alpha-1), sedative, anticonvulsant, smooth muscle relaxer. Also found in Rauwolfia serpentina.

Akuammigine

Ciliaphylline: antitussive, analgesic. < 1% of total alkaloid content found in Kratom leaf.

Corynantheidine: μ -opioid antagonist, also found in Yohimbe. < 1% of total alkaloid content found in Kratom leaf.

Corynoxeine: Calcium channel blocker. < 1% of total alkaloid content found in Kratom leaf.

Corynoxine A and B: Dopamine mediating anti-locomotives. < 1% of total alkaloid content found in Kratom leaf.

3-dehydromitragynine

Epicatechin: Antioxidant, antiaggregant, antibacterial, antidiabetic,
antihepatitic, anti-inflammatory, anti-leukemic, antimutagenic, antiperoxidant,
antiviral, potential cancer preventative, alpha-amylase inhibitor. Also found in dark chocolate.

9-Hydroxycorynantheidine: Partial opioid agonist

7-hydroxymitragynine: Analgesic, antitussive, antidiarrheal; primary
psychoactive in Kratom, Roughly 2% of total alkaloid content found in Kratom leaf.

Isomitraphylline: Immunostimulant, anti-leukemic. < 1% of total alkaloid content found in Kratom leaf.

Isomitrafoline: < 1% of total alkaloid content found in Kratom leaf.

Isopteropodine: Immunostimulant

Isorhynchophylline: Immunostimulant. < 1% of total alkaloid content found in Kratom leaf.

Isospeciofoline: < 1% of total alkaloid content found in Kratom leaf.

Mitraciliatine: < 1% of total alkaloid content found in Kratom leaf.

Mitragynine: Indole alkaloid. Analgesic, antitussive, antidiarrheal, adrenergic, antimalarial,
possible psychedelic (5-HT2A) antagonist. Roughly 66% of total alkaloid content found in Kratom leaf.

Mitragynine oxindole B. < 1% of total alkaloid content found in Kratom leaf.

Mitrafoline: < 1% of total alkaloid content found in Kratom leaf.

Mitraphylline: Oxindole alkaloid. Vasodilator, antihypertensive, muscle relaxer, diuretic, antiamnesic, anti-leukemic, possible immunostimulant. <1% of total alkaloid contents in Kratom leaf.

Mitraversine

Paynantheine: Indole alkaloid. Smooth muscle relaxer. 8.6% to 9% of total alkaloid contents in Kratom leaf.

Rhynchophylline: Vasodilator, antihypertensive, calcium channel blocker,
antiaggregant, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, anti-arrhythmic, antithelmintic. < 1% of total alkaloid content found in Kratom leaf.

Speciociliatine: Weak opioid agonist. 0.8% to 1% of total alkaloid content of Kratom leaf, unique to Kratom.

Speciofoline

Speciogynine: Smooth muscle relaxer. 6.6% to 7% of total alkaloid contents of Kratom leaf.

Speciophylline: Indole alkaloid. Anti-leukemic. <1% of total alkaloid contents of Kratom leaf.

Stipulatine

Tetrahydroalstonine: Hypoglycemic, anti-adrenergic (at alpha-2)


Research studies:

Herbal medicines for the management of opioid addiction: safe and effective alternatives to conventional pharmacotherapy? - PubMed - Herbal Medicines For Management of Opioid Addiction
Quantitative analysis of mitragynine, codeine, caffeine, chlorpheniramine and phenylephrine in a kratom (Mitragyna speciosa Korth.) cocktail using high-performance liquid chromatography - PubMed - HPLC Analysis of Mitragynine, Codeine, Caffeine, Chlorpheniramine and Phenylepherine
A coincidence of addiction to "Kratom" and severe primary hypothyroidism - PubMed - Kratom and Hypothyroidism
Intrahepatic cholestasis following abuse of powdered kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) - PubMed - Intrahepatic Cholestasis w/ Powdered Kratom Use
Unintentional fatal intoxications with mitragynine and O-desmethyltramadol from the herbal blend Krypton - PubMed - Fatal Intoxications of Mitragynine and 0-desmethyltramadol
Metabolism studies of the Kratom alkaloids mitraciliatine and isopaynantheine, diastereomers of the main alkaloids mitragynine and paynantheine, in rat and human urine using liquid chromatography-linear ion trap-mass spectrometry - PubMed - Metabolism Studies of Kratoms Alkaloids
Metabolism studies of the Kratom alkaloid speciociliatine, a diastereomer of the main alkaloid mitragynine, in rat and human urine using liquid chromatography-linear ion trap mass spectrometry - PubMed - Metabolism Studies of Speciociliatine
A drug toxicity death involving propylhexedrine and mitragynine - PubMed - Fatality from Mitragynine and Propylhexedrine
Monitoring of kratom or Krypton intake in urine using GC-MS in clinical and forensic toxicology - PubMed - GCMS Monitoring of Kratom and Krypton Intake
Kratom alkaloids and O-desmethyltramadol in urine of a "Krypton" herbal mixture consumer - PubMed - Kratom Alkaloids and 0-desmethyltramadol In Urine of Consumer
Phase I and II metabolites of speciogynine, a diastereomer of the main Kratom alkaloid mitragynine, identified in rat and human urine by liquid chromatography coupled to low- and high-resolution linear ion trap mass spectrometry - PubMed - Phase I/Phase II Metabolites of speciogynine
Monitoring of herbal mixtures potentially containing synthetic cannabinoids as psychoactive compounds - PubMed - Herbal Mixtures Containing Synthetic Compounds as Psychoactive Compounds
A case report of inpatient detoxification after kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) dependence - PubMed - Case Report of Inpatient Following Kratom Detoxification
Chemistry, pharmacology, and metabolism of emerging drugs of abuse - PubMed - Chemistry, Pharmacology, and Metabolism of Emerging Drugs
"Legal highs" on the net-Evaluation of UK-based Websites, products and product information - PubMed - "Legal Highs" on the net-Evaluation UK Websites
Seizure and coma following Kratom (Mitragynina speciosa Korth) exposure - PubMed - Seizure Following Kratom Exposure
The neuromuscular blockade produced by pure alkaloid, mitragynine and methanol extract of kratom leaves (Mitragyna speciosa Korth.) - PubMed - Neuromuscular Blockade Produced by Mitragynine and Methanol Extract of Kratom Leaves
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19902190 - HPLC/MS Metabolism Study of Paynantheine
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19731590 - Phytochemical Characterization of Mitragyna Speciosa Leaves Grown in the USA
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19577523 - HPLC/MS Analysis of Mitragynine in Human Urine
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19536806 - HPLC/MS Metabolism Study of Mitragynine in Human and Rat Urine
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19393795 - Prevalence of Psychoactive Drug Among Drivers in Thailand
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19294483 - The Botanical Origin of Kratom
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18482427 - Self-treatment of Opioid Withdrawal Using Kratom
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18259963 - Opioid Receptors and Legal Highs: Salvia Divonorum and Kratom
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18191353 - Inhibitory Effects of Kratom Extract on GI Tracts in Rats
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17882605 - Self-treatment of Opioid Withdrawal With A Dietary Supplement
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16107269 - Inhibitory Effect of Mitragynine on Neurogenic Contraction of the Vas Deferens
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15822540 - Energy Drink Consumption Among Male Construction Workers in the Chonburi Province
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9061050 - Inhibitory Effect of Mitragynine on Electrically Stimulated Contraction of Iso. G-Pig Ileum

Kratom in the News:
(2012-09-13): http://usnews.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2...om-making-presence-felt-in-us-emergency-rooms
(2012-09-03): http://www.thedaily.com/article/2012/09/01/090112-news-kratom/
(2012-07-22): http://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/23/w...ds-to-thailands-woes.html?_r=1&pagewanted=all
(2012-03-26): http://www.kitv.com/news/health/New-herb-adds-to-drug-trend-fears/-/8905204/9663512/-/6feapmz/-/
(2012-03-20): http://www.kcautv.com/story/17204482/kratom-a-new-drug
(2012-03-12): http://theadvocate.com/news/2371125-123/legislators-debate-limiting-access-to
(2012-03-09): http://bulletin.arcadia.edu/2012/03/forensic-science-student-presents-on-test-for-stimulant-kratom/
(2012-02-18]: http://kratomsources.com/2012/02/28/kratom-what-it-is-what-it-does-and-why-it-should-stay-available/
(2011-07-14): http://www.abcactionnews.com/dpp/ne...ce-called-"kratom"-becoming-a-growing-problem
(2011-07-06): http://www.thefix.com/content/never-heard-kratom-you-will


Journal Articles:
Review of Herbal Psychoactives: http://www.springerlink.com/content/7181q16153176wr7/
The Mitragyna Species of Ghana: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.2042-7158.1963.tb11224.x/abstract
3-dehydromitragynine: An alkaloid from Mitragyna speciosa: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0031942200837711
From Kratom to mitragynine and its derivatives: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0149763412002023


Additional links:

The Alkaloids of Mitragyna: https://www.erowid.org/plants/kratom/kratom_journal2.shtml
NDPSC (Australia) Comments on Kratom and Mitragynine - Meeting 39 (2003): https://www.erowid.org/plants/kratom/kratom_info2.shtml
NDPSC (Australia) Schedules Kratom - Meeting 41 (2004): https://www.erowid.org/plants/kratom/kratom_law1.shtml

 

[Untm]

It's good to see somebody finally categorizing this plant.

 

[Entropymancer]

Excellent work!

If you want to keep those news sources for future reference, it's probably a good idea to save a copy (the free tool PDFCreator is a handy way to save websites in PDF form).

Not sure if you've read them, but E.J. Shellard et al. published a series of 32 papers covering different aspects of the genus Mitragyna between 1964 and 1978. They're a bit dated, and only some of them focus specifically on M. speciosa, but they're still good reading. The 1978 paper (The Mitragyna species of Asia. Part XXXII. The distribution of alkaloids in young plants of Mitragyna speciosa KORTH grown from seed obtained from Thailand) reports the presence of a couple of alkaloids that aren't on your list.

 

[Anthimus]

Excellent work!

If you want to keep those news sources for future reference, it's probably a good idea to save a copy (the free tool PDFCreator is a handy way to save websites in PDF form).

Not sure if you've read them, but E.J. Shellard et al. published a series of 32 papers covering different aspects of the genus Mitragyna between 1964 and 1978. They're a bit dated, and only some of them focus specifically on M. speciosa, but they're still good reading. The 1978 paper (The Mitragyna species of Asia. Part XXXII. The distribution of alkaloids in young plants of Mitragyna speciosa KORTH grown from seed obtained from Thailand) reports the presence of a couple of alkaloids that aren't on your list.

Thanks for the PDF creation link. I found the journal articles you're referring to. Do you have access to any of these publications in full text?

 

[Anthimus]

Here's an interesting little paper published in the Journal of Ethnopharmacology, Volume 23 [1988]. Goes into a historical summary (really just glossing over the subject) on how Kratom became known to Western science and some other things to note. Worth checking out.

 

[D.REYx420]

great work sir thank you.

 

[smokerx]

Thank you for you hard work :thumb_up:

 

[hostilis]

Thanks! It's nice to have all this info in one spot. good work buddy!

 

[MaNoMaNoM]

Ever since mixing the bag labeled 'stem and vein' with all the others kratom varieties,
it has only made me very sick when i try to use it.
So i found the best information, here on the nexus, and i plan to do an A/B extract soon.

heavenlypursuit's kratom A/B
Phlux's kratom extract
kratom extract anyone
A/B extraction of kratom

Right now i am simmering ~2 cups of water, with 1tsp. of acetic acid, and 6.5g of kratom.
Going to filter via the coffee maker, add honey for taste, and report my findings. :roll:

So i ended up with a cup of golden liquid, that is somehow bitter, sweet, and sour (to much citric) all at the same awful time.
Took a calcium pill (no antacids available) to help counteract some of that acidity....
This is working! No nausea. Possibly stronger than plain leaf. Excuse me as i nod away now.

 

[sleepypelican]

this is great. all neat and tidy in one spot.

I use Kratom pretty regularly for mood enhancment and for energy at work and it's nice to see some other people working to collect information on this wonderful plant. Gracias sir.

 

[MaNoMaNoM]

Thanks,
Experiment two; Went the next steps to A/B, and based with NaOH.
As iam new to this it is good practice, and hope to do a more prepared, informed extraction in the future, but just for today....

-Boiled one bottle of water (~2cups) with 7.6grams of kratom, and 1/2 tsp. of citric acid. Filtered solution.
-Based solution with ~1/2 tsp. of lye slowly until the color gradually changed from gold to a darker blood red.
-Bottled with ~5.5oz of naphtha, and shaken a few minutes, then let settle to four layers.

There is 1.the golden naphtha on top, 2.the pinkish/yellow emulsion layer, 3. a lighter color, condensed thin layer, 4. then the dark red basic solution. It separated into these layers in minutes.. All this while it is still very warm, and i was able to get most of the solvent, and ended up just throwing away the rest out of convenience....
:? Oops, i should have saved that, but i'll get another chance i suppose. Until then, just have to wait and see.

Experiment So i made more golden tea with, ~9 grams of kratom in acetic water.
I boiled it down. Drank half for health benefits, and boiled the other half away to see.
It remained golden until it began solidifying into a more red, exploding planet, colour.

I wanted solids, and had no patience.... So i now have a solid mass of red goo bubbles.
IT ckrackled like rice krispys, every time i blew on it. It didn't attach to badly to my cup.
After scraping it is a red, shiny, sticky, powdery, substance, with subtle taste and smell.
:twisted:
That is all for a while, as i've just noticed a note that is discouraging kratom discussion.
i feel it is harmless and a great subject, but that note must be posted for some reason.

Experiment 1 conclusion.. i LOVE this magic gold dust.. It is a great combustable

For the sake of knowing,
Would someone tell me what that whitish/yellowish/pinkish part under the solvent is.. ???
Looks like it could be plant fats, and oils, which probably contain some of the alkaloids.

 

[Nathanial.Dread]

I don't wonder if kratom isn't doing some more profound 'behind the scenes' stuff, beyond just the standard opiate activity.
I've been looking around for 5-HT activity and haven't found much. It could also be a DA effect as well.

Blessings
~ND

 

[SpartanII]

Several months old, but I just came across this and felt it was a good addition to this wonderful thread:

Antioxidant value and antiproliferative efficacy of mitragynine and a silane reduced analogue.

Antioxidant value and antiproliferative efficacy of mitragynine and a silane reduced analogue - PubMed

These findings revealed that the medicinal and nutitional values of mitragynine obtained from ketum leaves that growth in tropical forest of Southeast Asia and its analogues does not limited to analgesic properties but could be promising antioxidant and anticancer or chemopreventive compounds.

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov